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Sunday, March 28, 2021
الدسنس
Monday, March 15, 2021
Motz.piomk
n the brain is bliss and hell
A figure showing the components of the human brain, including the two centers of "reward" and "punishment" in the brain, which are many names later on: the centers of "Heaven and Hell," or "Bliss and Hell," or "Reward and Punishment", all of which revolve around the organic premise of The brain feels euphoric as a reward for one behavior, or anguish as punishment for another behavior. Credit: CC0 Public Domain
On March 6, 2017, news agencies reported that three British scientists won the largest prize in neuroscience offered by the Danish "Lundbeck" Foundation, amounting to one million euros; In recognition of their promising research into the "reward" pathways in the brain. Winners Peter Diane, Ray Dolan and Wolfram Schultz stated that their victory came as a result of their constant passion for learning how the human brain works, and that they had worked for thirty years on dopamine-secreting cells, the main component of the "reward" pathways that affect In everything from decision-making, risk-taking, addiction, to schizophrenia.
Despite the merit of these three scientists' deserving of this award, their victory should be honored with research by two pioneers who had the merit of uncovering the "reward center" in the brain, sixty-five years ago with semi-primitive research tools, a story that deserves to be told, not only in fulfillment of the memory of the two pioneers, Rather, it is regarded as illuminating the beginnings, illuminating the paths of the present, and foreseeing future prospects.
In 1954, researchers James Olds and Peter Milner from McGill University announced that they had found evidence proving the existence of the two centers of "reward" and "punishment" in the brain, which are what later called them several: the two centers of "Heaven and Hell." Or, “Bliss and Hell,” or “Reward and Punishment,” and the synonyms still come down to these two centers, all of which revolve around the organic starting point in the brain to feel euphoria as a reward for some behavior, or anguish as a punishment for another behavior, which is a tremendous revelation in that continent that is still Uncharted regions, the continent of the mind and soul of man, even if that pioneering discovery had begun in the brain of the animal, and began with a mistake!
Peter Milner, a researcher at McGill University, was testing a theory that mice could be prompted to select a specific branch of two branches in a T-shaped maze by stimulating a weak electrical charge of neurons that make up the reticular formation region, which acts as a filter between the stem. The brain and the thalamus region to regulate the passage of sensory information, and the stimulus charge reached its target via a microelectrode implanted in the brains of the experimental mice, but Milner failed in his experiment. Instead of turning the test mice down the path in which they received the stimulus, they avoided it unanimously!
At that time, it appeared to Milner, a young researcher in social psychology from Harvard University, named "James Olds", interested in studying the brain, and he was looking for a person like Milner to help him in this field, but his "literary" background was far from science The physiological psyche to which "Milner" belongs, that is why Milner doubted the usefulness of this "intruder", and yet he decided to try it.
Olds turned out to be an accomplished learner with a quick understanding; Within a week of giving him a book about the relationship of limbs to the rat brain, he showed knowledge that far exceeded Milner's own, so Milner assigned him the task of implanting electrodes for electrical stimulation in the brains of mice. Although Olds was competent to get the job done, with one mouse he forgot to put an adhesive tape on the electrode with wires before bending it in the desired direction, and the error occurred that marked the beginning of a historic success in neuroscience that continues to this day.
Olds noticed that this mouse - in contrast to the rest of the mice - when its brain receives the stimulated charge, advances and raises its head bobbing, inhaling the air in the depth of the ecstatic pleasure. Then he began with "Milner" to determine the possibility that the electrode fixed in the brain of this mouse had shifted from its place, so they requested an X-ray image to be sure, and the image showed that the electrode had already shifted several millimeters away from the retinal formation in the brain, and it became located in the hypothalamus. Associated with the limbic system responsible for controlling emotions and sexual activities, so they concluded that the signs of enjoyment that the mouse showed while receiving the stimulating charge, in this region, may mean something!
They repeated the experiment with several other mice by implanting electrodes into the hypothalamus, and let the mice determine themselves to receive electrical charge when they pressed the alarm pedal in the experimental box with their feet, and were astonished by the results. As the mice discovered that the pressure of this pedal released in their brains a charge that promoted a feeling of pleasure, they insisted on repeating the pressure to tire of the pleasure they were getting, as if they were receiving a pleasant reward, so Olds and Milner released the point where they implanted the electrodes in the brains of mice, the "reward center." .
everything possible / Alamy Stock Photo
When they were tempted by success in reaching this discovery, they set out to expand their fields of research, discovering within what they discovered a point under the "reward center" adjacent to it. She committed it, so the researchers called it the "Punishment Center"! Olds and Milner were not satisfied with their findings. In an article published in Scientific American in 1956, they stated that they had discovered similar results when electrodes were implanted in the region of the nucleus accumbens, which is now known to be one of the main areas of the "reward path" in The human brain is the same as in animals, in which dopamine, the pleasure-causing neurotransmitter, is released as a natural reward for eating good food and having sex, and is also linked to the artificial reward sense of taking drugs, especially cocaine!
Olds and Milner created an "emotional map" of the mouse brain, which says that about 60% of the entire brain is neutral regions, located far from
